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参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
M—专著
C—论文集
N—报纸文章
J—期刊文章
D—学位论文
R—报告
S—标准
P—专利
A—文章
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：
［DB/OL］——联机网上数据(databaseonline)
［DB/MT］——磁带数据库(databaseonmagnetictape)
［Ｍ/CD］——光盘图书(monographonCDROM)
［CP／DK］——磁盘软件(北京白癜风中医医院北京去哪里医院看白癜风最好
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